![]() ![]() It is full spectrum warfare that deploys a blend of conventional and nonconventional means aimed at affecting on the ground changes in target while seeking to avoid direct military confrontation with Western states’. Russia does have a concept of ‘hybrid war’, which according to Mathieu Boulègue and Alina Polyakova is a ‘tactical application of the chaos strategy. Manipulating irregular immigration additionally emboldens the far right and radicalises the right in Europe on this issue (witness what is going on in France). In this case, it reminds us of a war in the West that was by no means hybrid, the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its subsequent fallout. It is a ‘grey area’, but not a war, not even hybrid, although in the background hovers the presence of Russia, highly adept in the terrain between war and peace. Take what is happening on the border between Belarus and Poland, with the use of immigrants and refugees brought in from Iraq and elsewhere, which may be described as a ‘weapon of mass immigration’, as Mark Leonard does in his rewarding book The Age of Unpeace. ![]() But not everything is war, or hybrid, despite the fact that we live in hybrid times. The expression ‘ hybrid war’, made fashionable by Frank Hoffman in 2007 and even more popular since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, is suffering from overuse. ![]()
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